Tuesday, July 31, 2012

Where are we?



Where are we?
The condition of the black race today is ridiculous.
We feel that our government continues to inflict injustice to our people or any person of color still at this time is it true yes! However there is a way out of this because there are more opportunities to succeed if we unify; what I find at fault with my people is that we tend to be very critical toward each other and our leaders. And yet we are quick to blame white people. What the racist white people started in the past blacks are finishing which makes our situation even worst, with that being said and done our government and global leaders will use that to there advantage and you know why because there is no support for our own. Every other race and ethnic groups are unified and that’s why it’s hard for the system to just do what they want with them except the black community there are to many gaps and loop holes with the black race because there’s no unity and no support for our leaders. If the people show no interest in there communities and global affairs there will be no! progress for moving forward. with that flaws we will continue to be victims to our own foolishness because of ignorance and dumb pride. Don’t expect our leaders to jump in front of a firing squad and sacrifice there lives and family for people who show no interest in there own surroundings; brothas and sisters wake –up and get with your own put into effect your gifts and talents that god gave us and within 5yrs or less we will see a dramatic change or what was predicted will come to pass as it’s fastly approaching the prediction.

Prediction: the black race will be in a museum as a people who once were, and a people who use to be


Hotep!       

WHAT IS REAL



WHAT IS REAL?
What Is Real?
Is there a true meaning to the word and who determines what is real.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary Defines Real as

1 of or relating to fixed, permanent, or immovable things (as lands or tenements)
2
a : not artificial, fraudulent, or illusory : genuine <real gold>; also : being precisely what the name implies <a real professional> b (1) : occurring or existing in actuality <saw a real live celebrity> <a story of real life> (2) : of or relating to practical or everyday concerns or activities <left school to live in the real world> (3) : existing as a physical entity and having properties that deviate from an ideal, law, or standard <a real gas> — compare ideal 3b c : having objective independent existence <unable to believe that what he saw was real> d : fundamental, essential e (1) : belonging to or having elements or components that belong to the set of real numbers <the real roots of an equation> <a real matrix> (2) : concerned with or containing real numbers <real analysis> (3) : real-valued <real variable> f : measured by purchasing power <real income> <real dollars> g : complete, utter <a real fiasco>
3
of a particle : capable of being detected — compare virtual 3
re·al·ness noun
for real

1
: in earnest : seriously <fighting for real>
2
: genuine <couldn't believe the threats were for real>
3
: genuinely good or capable of success (as in competition) <not yet sure if this team is for real>



However let's just get down to the knitty gritty what is actually real; we know from our upbringing that when we sleep the body is resting and cleansing itself from daily toxins and pollutants in the air. we are also told that when we dream that the experience is a fictional travel of our mind and that there might be some level of realism from an imaginative point of view; but it's really fake because our physical body isn't there and are physical eye cannot see it, and what we touch isn't a genuine or authentic touch; this is from an organize monotheistic view. however from an ancient civilization view when we sleep the physical body when rested & relax releases a spirit or energy that may consist of many counterparts or components connected to the individual. once it has exit the body it enters into different spiritual realms and that once we are aware of what we doing and where we are it can be done by will known as a ba, ka, and etc. so what is the true meaning of existence? we touch, and react to the touch, we hear and react to what we hear, and we see with a selective vision (perspective). So Let me ask a question what happens when the spirit exits the body permanently, do we continue to live else where in another lifeform do we sleep and continue to dream, do we comeback and relive are lives as another person to correct are flaws or continue to provide positive energy.(spirit) is heaven and hell real? does everything exist in those 2 places as written in old and modern times. did everyone who wrote and saw the vision of the two places die since they claim you have to be in that state in order to go there or see it. is the creator just a spirit or does the creator have a physical since we're made in the image and likeness of him. are there many creators since the statement was made let us make man. who and what is truly us. where did the creator come from? was the creator created or did the creator create himself and if so why?

Raw Garlic and The Benefits



Raw Garlic
&
It’s benefits

Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rakkyo. With a history of human use of over 6,000 years, garlic is native to central Asia, and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region, as well as a frequent seasoning in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.This natural herb is a miracle wonder I myself have included raw garlic in my eating habits for 18yrs now and I have no regrets.  Before my parents divorce we quite often kept colds and we didn’t understand why until one day my parents consulted an herbalist by the name of  Dr. Alvenia M. Fulton (Deceased). http://acogcoloncleanse.com/history.html  We love to eat beef mines in particular was a steak burger,  t-bone, and a porterhouse. From consulting and learning from  Dr. Fulton she educated my parents on what happens when meat is digested into the body & after ingestion into the colon the meats form into worms and parasites; some our worst then others.
 http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/Parasites_and_Foodborne_Illness/index.asp
after listening to her counsel my parents for many years I took it upon myself to put it into effect as well! And because of that  I am alive today. on my mothers side a lot of her family are anemia with high blood pressure & diabetes, my dad side has high blood pressure and diabetes so I have to be very careful; however I will say by including raw garlic in my diet and eating healthy as well along with working out I was able to stop the anemia if  I continue to stick with the plan. My annual testing for the last 11yrs show no sign of anemia because of the raw garlic, not only is it good for providing strong blood  but it’s good for rebuilding and promoting strong immune system and killing worms, parasites, and every unhealthy thing inside the human body, including disease’s such as cancer and even aids. The  strong smell from the  Allium sativum is the medicine that kills every unhealthy microorganism inside the human body, that’s what you want get in the pill and that’s why you can’t smell it in the pill as oppose  the bulb and it has also been known to increase libido as well. My immune system is great as I speak  and  If  I  have a  cold  in which I rarely get I’m very quick to heal from it because of the proper eating habits and the raw garlic with exercise.Take 1-4 cloves a week with some fruit on the side and when done cutting the garlic make some lukewarm water get some toothpaste and wash your hand s with toothpaste to get rid of the smell do this with the onion as well because they are in the same herbal family after washing your hands with toothpaste wash your hands with soap in the same temperature water ; when ingested take some fruit behind it and after eating brush your teeth and your whole mouth, be careful not to burp or pass gas it will be obvious.

Links below
http://acogcoloncleanse.com/history.html
http://www.fsis.usda.gov/factsheets/Parasites_and_Foodborne_Illness/index.asp
http://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=utf-8&fr=ytff1-tyc&p=side%20effects%20of%20meat&type=
http://www.livestrong.com/article/314407-side-effects-of-eating-red-meat/
http://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=utf-8&fr=ytff1-tyc&p=worms%20and%20parasites%20in%20meat&type=
http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091113104308AAq2ufZ
http://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=utf-8&fr=ytff1-tyc&p=Allium%20sativum&type=
http://www.greenze.com/2007/08/28/17-benefits-of-organic-raw-garlic-how-it-can-improve-your-health/
http://healingvibes.com/news/raw-garlics-many-health-benefits/
http://www.livestrong.com/article/249283-what-are-the-benefits-of-eating-raw-garlic/
http://www.ehow.com/about_4689031_raw-garlic-health-benefits.html
http://www.ehow.com/about_5415387_raw-garlic-benefits.html
http://www.livestrong.com/article/243381-benefits-of-raw-garlic/
http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Major-Health-Benefits-of-Raw-Garlic&id=1332318
http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/garlic-benefit.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

Thursday, June 14, 2012


WARNING:
THE LANGUAGE IN THIS BLOG IS INTENDED FOR THE AGE GROUP OF 16YRS AND OLDER NO ONE UNDER THE AGE OF 16 SHOULD READ OR VIEW THIS BLOG WITHOUT PARENTAL GUIDANCE. ALSO THIS IS A 49 PAGE BLOG OF IMPORTANT INFORMATION WITH REFERENCES AND LINKS SO BE PREPARED TO DO A LOT OF READING & RESEARCHING
Thank You!
Foolishness
Ni*ga, Bi#ch, & ho
Greetings to all I will like to address a very serious topic That’s pertaining to 3 popular words of today; and those 3 words are nigga, bitch, & ho. Since the 90’s era to present these words have been accepted and been presented as an endearment amongst the African–american race and abroad, now prior to the 90’s era the 3 words were classify as a pejorative and to this day it’s still is but the only difference is that it’s been accepted by this generation of people as oppose to the pre 90’s era who by majority did and never will accept it. Now a lot of individuals of the pre 90’s era would not even acknowledge
You as a decent human being if they were address in that manner yet alone even laugh and joke with you when approach by such derogatory names. If a woman was called a bitch or a ho or both she would literally chew you out or slap the shit!!! out of you. Those words Was popular amongst the streets and you were label as a savage and a person with no morals and no regards toward people and even yourself. So how & when did these 3 words become accepted among mainstream society.

1.   Upbringing-parents from the 90’s era to present stopped pushing a constructive drive and a teaching for presenting yourself with dignity and class (that’s language & appearance)

2. Media- (hip-hop and movies) now I know a lot of you are saying why is he blaming hip-hop and movies. Well! Let’s look at the results if I listen or look a fictional character that’s negative and if that character is glamorizing the negative actions; and if I happen to apply that negative action into my reality then the character has become my role model. When parents don’t sit there children down and teach them the difference between fiction and reality then that fiction will become that child’s role model; now to be honest with you a lot times the characters that are portrayed in the entertainment media are real life people acted out by famous celebrities. hip-hop is a harsh reality of life with very little fiction as oppose to movies which give you a 50/50 of both depending on the movie, so really it’s predicated on one that’s lacking the influence; however if the influence is negative then that influence can become a catastrophe. Now on the flipside of hip-hop this genre of music has also educated everyone nationally & abroad and in a way tone down racism not stopped it; but slowed it down if you can get past the hard presentation you can actually get a message depending on the artist

Bitch- the female of the dog or some other carnivorous mammals
2
A: a lewd or immoral woman b: a malicious, spiteful, or overbearing woman —sometimes used as a generalized term of abuse
3
: something that is extremely difficult, objectionable, or unpleasant




A bitch is a female canine. It is also a common English profanity for a woman that typically carries denigrating or misogynistic overtones—such as resemblance to a dog. It is also used to characterize someone who is belligerent and unreasonable, or displays rudely intrusive or aggressive behavior.
Its original use as a vulgarism, documented to the fourteenth century, suggested high sexual desire in a woman, comparable to a bitch in heat. The range of meanings has expanded in modern usage. In a feminist context, it can indicate a strong or assertive woman, one who might make men feel threatened. When applied to a man, "bitch" is a derogatory term for a subordinate.

History
The term "bitch" comes from the 1150 word bicche, which was developed from the Old English word bicce. It also may have been derived from the Old Icelandic work bikkja for "female dog." The Oxford English Dictionary dates the term meaning "female dog" to around 1000 A.D.[1]
As a derogatory term for women, it has been in use since the fourteenth[2] or fifteenth century.[1] Its earliest slang meaning mainly referred to sexual behavior, according to the English language

 

Modern use

In modern usage the term bitch has different meanings depending largely on context and may vary from very offensive to endearing.[1] The term can refer to a person or thing that is very difficult, as in "Life's a bitch." It is common for insults to lose intensity as their meaning broadens ("bastard" is another example).[3] By 1974, Elton John had a pop hit (#4 in the U.S. and #14 in the U.K.) with "The Bitch Is Back", which mentions "bitch" repeatedly. It was, however, censored by some radio stations.[5]
Modern use can include self-description, often as an unfairly difficult person. For example, in the New York Times bestseller The Bitch in the House, a woman describes her marriage: "I'm fine all day at work, but as soon as I get home, I'm a horror....I'm the bitch in the house." Boy George admitted "I was being a bitch" in a falling out with Elton John.[7]
Generally, the term is still considered offensive, and not accepted in formal situations. According to linguist Deborah Tannen, "Bitch is the most contemptible thing you can say about a woman. Save perhaps the four-letter C word."[8] It's common for the word to be censored on Prime time TV, often rendered as "the b-word." During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a John McCain supporter referred to Hillary Clinton by asking, "How do we beat the bitch?" The event was reported in censored format

Reappropriation
In the context of modern feminism, "bitch" has varied reappropriated meanings that may connote a strong female (anti-stereotype of weak submissive woman), cunning (equal to males in mental guile), or else it may be used as a tongue-in cheek backhanded compliment for someone who has excelled in an achievement. For example, Bitch magazine describes itself as a "feminist response to pop culture." [14]
Feminist attorney Jo Freeman (Joreen) authored the "Bitch manifesto" in 1968

Pop culture

In a 2006 interview titled "Pop Goes the Feminist," Bitch magazine co-founder Andi Zeisler explained the naming of the magazine:
When we chose the name, we were thinking, well, it would be great to reclaim the word “bitch” for strong, outspoken women, much the same way that “queer” has been reclaimed by the gay community. That was very much on our minds, the positive power of language reclamation.
Pop culture contains a number of slogans of self-identification based on "bitch". For example,
  • "You call me 'Bitch' like it's a bad thing."
  • "I go zero to bitch in 3.5 seconds."
There are several invented acronyms. Heartless Bitches International is a club with the slogan "Because we know BITCH means: Being In Total Control, Honey!" Other imagined acronyms include
  • "Beautiful Intelligent Talented Creative Honest"
  • "Beautiful Individual That Causes Hardons"
  • "Babe In Total Control of Herself".



Hip hop culture
The word bitch is sometimes used casually among hip-hop artists and followers of the culture. The term is typically used to describe a young female regardless of personality or looks. As in the culture the term "dawg" is used for males it is sometimes said as a type positive way as "bitch" is the female term. Often it is a directly negative and violent condemnation of character (referring sometimes to males as well, but especially directed at females). Queen Latifah constantly uses the phrase "Who you calling a bitch" in her Grammy-winning song "U.N.I.T.Y.".
The terms "biatch", "beyotch" or similar expression is a slang substitute for "bitch". The term has become widely used in mainstream media to avoid censorship. It is a feature of "Let Me Ride" by rapper Dr. Dre, from his album The Chronic. In this album featured artist Snoop Doggy Dogg calls MC Ren and Tim Dog with the word "biatch", and that's why many people think that the word was created by Snoop himself as well as the word "bootylicious", a word featured in the single "Dre Day" from The Chronic. Snoop Dogg also in his live tours says the word "biatch" at the end of Gin and Juice.[19]

In reference to men

When used to describe a male, "bitch" may also confer the meaning of subordinate, especially to another male, as in prison. Generally, this term is used to indicate that the person is acting outside the confines of their gender roles, such as when women are assertive or aggressive, or when men are passive or servile.
In the context of prison sexuality, a bitch is a lower-hierarchy prisoner, typically physically weak or vulnerable, who is dominated by more senior prisoners and forced to adopt a servile role. According to convention, these inmates are used as sexual slaves or traded as personal property.[20]
A "prison bitch" can also refer to any subservient entity, as in the Douglas Rushkoff description of a Microsoft - Yahoo partnership: "Yahoo is merely hooking up with the most alpha male company it can still find in order to survive. Microsoft will soon turn Yahoo into its prison bitch, and this won’t be pretty."
In Russian criminal slang, by contrast, a "bitch" (suka in Russian) is a person from the criminal world who has cooperated with law enforcement or the government. Suki were placed on the bottom of the prisoner hierarchy. As the definition of "cooperation" was not confined to snitching, but included any form of collaboration, World War II veterans returning to prison were declared suki, leading to the post-WW2 Bitch Wars.

Idioms

Son of a bitch

The term son of a bitch is a form of profanity usually used to refer to a man who is nasty, rude or otherwise offensive. In Shakespeare's King Lear (1603), the Earl of Kent refers to Oswald as: ...nothing but the composition of a knave, beggar, coward, pandar, and the son and heir of a mongrel bitch..."
Its use as an insult is as old as that of "bitch". Euphemistic terms are often substituted, such as "gun" in the phrase "son of a gun" as opposed to "son of a bitch", or "s.o.b." for the same phrase.
Like "bitch," the severity of the insult has diminished. Roy Blount, Jr. recently extolled the virtues of "son of a bitch" (particularly in comparison to "asshole") in common speech and deed

Bitch slap
The term "bitch slap" is derived from American slang. In the original sense, a bitch slap is a powerful, full-swing slap in the face with the front of the hand, evoking the way an angry pimp might slap a defiant prostitute (not to be confused with a pimp slap which uses the back of the hand). However, the term is now frequently used figuratively to describe a humiliating defeat or punishment.

Riding bitch

"Riding bitch" is a slang term for riding pillion, sitting behind the driver on a motorcycle. It can also refer to sitting between others in a car. According to Urban Dictionary, traditionally the smallest person and/or a female sit in the middle "so that the guys don't touch each other (irrational male homophobia)"

In cards

To have the "bitch end" of a hand in poker is to have the weaker version of the same hand as another player. This situation occurs especially in poker games with community cards. For example, to have a lower straight than one's opponenet is to have the bitch end.
"The bitch" is slang for the queen of spades.[

Other forms
When used as a verb, to bitch means to complain. Usage in this context is almost always pejorative in intent. Allegedly, it was originally used to refer to the stereotypical wife's constant complaints about petty things, effectively tieing in the etymology with the vulgar slang for an unpleasant woman.
As an adjective, the term sometimes has a meaning opposite its usual connotations. Something that is bitching or bitchin' is really great. For example, an admired motorcycle may be praised as a "bitchin' bike".



WHORE (HO)

1
: a woman who engages in sexual acts for money : prostitute; also: a promiscuous or immoral woman
2
: a male who engages in sexual acts for money
3
: a venal or unscrupulous person
Origin of WHORE
Middle English hore, from Old English hōre; akin to Old Norse hōra whore, hōrr adulterer, Latin carus dear — more at charity
First Known Use: before 12th century



I want everyone to take a real good look at this; let’s not confuse the 2 yes! It’s true that they have similarities but the definitions and the origins of these words are really tWo different meanings.

BITCH IN IT’S TRUE ORIGIN AND MEANING IS DEFINE AS A FEMALE DOG NOTHING CAN BE DONE ABOUT THAT I DON’T CARE HOW YOU TRY TO FIT IT IN TO SUIT ALL CLASSES OF PEOPLE OR HOW MANY ACROYNMS YOU USE; THE WORD IN IT’S TRUE MEANING IS REFERING TO A DOG AND IT’S ACTIONS. NOW SOME OF YOU MAY SAY WELL! A LOT OF PEOPLE DURING THESE DAYS AND TIMES ALLOW THEMSELVES TO BE PUT IN THIS POSITION TO BE CALL THOSE NAMES: MAY BE DEPENDENDING ON THEIR PRESENTATION HOWEVER EVERYONE SHOULD NOT BE APPROACH IN THAT MANNER YOU DON’T KNOW WHO IS WATCHING AND LISTENING. CONDUCT YOURSELF WITH SOME CLASS PEOPLE. We CAN also SAY that a promiscuous woman is a bitch because of sexual desires of having multiple partners AND ACTING THEM OUT. but what about a man who does the same thing. is he justified in his sexual activities because he’s a man hell no!! so what should he be called a bitch toO or maybe a son of a bitch. Greed is greed and it’s not predicated on gender. if both sexes are applying the same action then you are two of the same it’s just being A plain whorE. Women take pride in your self like you use to and don’t let foolish men deprive you of who you truly are; notice I said foolish men not a real man.  So to all the so call players and pimps who’s always bragging about how many bitches you got remember it’s not pussy you screwing it’s this       

   

Negro /Nigger / Nigga/
THERE IS NO! MEANING TO NEITHER ONE OF THESE WORDS WE CAN APPLY ETYMOLOGY OR ANY KIND OF OLOGY THESE EUROPEAN WORDS ARE MADE UP AND DERIVED FROM ARE TRUE SOURCE WHICH IS OF AFRICAN LEADERS KINGS & QUEENS DO TO THE FACT THAT THEY COULDN’T CALL US BY OUR SOVEREIGN TITLES WE WERE CALLED SOMETHING THAT THEY COULDN’T PRONOUNCE CORRECTLY OUR ORIGINAL NAMES KM.T (KEMET),  NUBIAN (NUBIA), NEGUS, NAGA

KM.T- The Egyptian hieroglyph for "black" in Gardiner's sign list is numbered I6. Its phonetic value is km. The Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache-(Dictionary of the Egyptian Language) lists no less than 24 different terms of km indicating 'black' such as black stone, metal, wood, hair, eyes, animals and people.[1]
The most common explanation for the hieroglyph is under the Gardiner's Sign List, section I for "amphibious animals, reptiles, etc" is a crocodile skin with spines. Rossini and Schumann-Antelme propose that the crocodile skin hieroglyph actually shows claws coming out of the hide.[2]
Besides 'black', the alternate use of the hieroglyph is for items terminating, coming-to-an-end, items of completion, hence a reference to charcoal, burning to its ending.[3]
   
Ancient Egypt is commonly referred to as 'km.t' , with the theorized reference to the black Nile Delta earth. The determinative O49 is used to designate the term for 'country, inhabited/cultivated land', called the niw.t (a political designate). It is a circle with a cross which represents a street, 'town intersection'.[4]

The 198 BC Rosetta Stone uses the Black (hieroglyph) three times to make the name of Egypt: km.t. Of the 22 placename uses for the "name of ancient Egypt", 7 are for another name of Egypt as iAt-

, signifying the soil of Egypt, N30: X1*Z2-


, which is the Greek form of "Egypt", signifying it as "the (divine) place of the mound (of creation)" and the fertile black soil of the land after the Inundation. (Note the doubled hieroglyph, Gardiner N23, is used as the Two Lands, (Upper Egypt, and Lower Egypt), and the common use of "Ta-Mer-t", and additionally uses of 'Horus of the Two Lands' .)
In the Demotic (Egyptian) text of the Rosetta Stone, the demotic for Egypt is 'Kmi' . There are three uses of the actual Kmi, but 7 others referenced as Kmi refer to iAt in the hieroglyphs. Other euphemistic references to Egypt in the Rosetta Stone include "Ta-Mer-t", which has the meaning of the 'full/fruitful/cultivated land', hr-tAwy, the 'lands of Horus', and tAwy, the "Two Lands."
Kmi—spelling-"Egypt" —(22 places, sychronized, Demotic–Hieroglyphs)
·         demotichieroglyphs
  •  
1.     –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
2.     –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
3.     –Kmi—rsy.t + mHt
(i.e. South and North)(lands)
4.     –Kmi—"Hr tAwy"
5.     –Kmi—kmt-(restored)
6.     –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
7.     –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
8.     –Kmi—iAt
9.     –Kmi—kmt
10.                        –Kmi—"Hr tAwy"
11.                        –Kmi—Ta-Mer-t
12.                        –Kmi—iAt
13.                        –Kmi—iAt
  • demotichieroglyphs
  • 14.–Kmi—XXXXXX-(omitted from text)
  • 15.–Kmi—rsy.t + mHt
    (i.e. South and North)(lands)
  • 16.–BkiiAt
  • 17.–Kmikmt
  • 18.–Kmi—iAt
  • 19.–Kmi—tAwy
  • 20.–Kmi—iAt
  • 21.–Kmi—iAt
  • 22.–Kmi—Ta-Mer-t

Coming to a conclusion, or completion is one use of the km hieroglyph in the words kmt and km iri ('to make an end'). The discussion of the biliteral states: The conclusion of a document, written in black ink, ending the work, has the same semantic connotation. (as km for 'concluding') The Rossini, Schumann-Antelme write-up states that initially the word comes from "shield", ikm, and thus the original association with the crocodile.

Alternative glyph, X5 equivalent, items burning black to an ending
Since the origin of the 'black' hieroglyph, and relationships to other forms showing vertical flame-like rises on the end of a flat-triangular shape, there has been discussion of this hieroglyph. As stated above, Schumann-Antelme and Rossini explain the crocodile skin, but with claws. In the 'new age' system of hieroglyph books by late 20th century, early 21st century authors, the text by Collier-Manley describes the same "crocodile skin", Gardiner I6, as burning charcoal with flames. Consequently, there is a common debate ongoing.


Skin, I6 entry in 1920 Budge "dictionary"
The 1920 Budge dictionary, which is actually a compilation of ~200 referenced works, and ~120 authors has the following breakdown of the km entry. It is listed under "K"-(gardiner V31),

a third of the way into K. A small summary of the entries, and their referenced works follow:
The last three of four entries ending the 27 entries deal with black stones, or powders and black plants, or seeds; (all small multiple, plural, grains-of, items). They are preceded by entries 21 and 22, a "buckler", or "shield", and "black wood". Entry 26 is an image, or statue, using the vertical mummy hieroglyph gardiner A53, ("in the form of", "the custom of"). These last six entries are unreferenced.
The first 4 of 5 entries, kam, kam-t, or kamkam all deal with items coming to an end. (Entry four is untranslated and is from Pap. 3024, Lepsius, Denkmaler-(papyrus).) The references for the others in the first five are: Peasant, Die Klagen des Bauern, 1908., Thes.-(Thesaurus Inscriptionum Aegyptiacarum, Brugsch);. A. Z.-(twice); Shipwreck., 118-(Tale of the shipwrecked sailor);[14] Amen.-(author: Amen-em-apt);[15] and Thes. (again).
Entries 6 to 20 deal with "black" or gods, or named items. Only 8 of these items reference black, but start by also referring to Coptic. Entries 6, 7, and 8 refer to coptic "KAME", for 6 and 8; entry 7 to coptic "KMOM", "KMEM". For entry 7, to be black, Budge also references Revue-(Rev.);[16] for entry 8, black items, Budge also references T.-(King Teta);[17] and N.-(Pepi II-(King Nefer-ka-Ra).[18] The other hieroglyph word entries of entry 9 to 20, have about fifteen further references, all starting with the km hieroglyph.
On the other hand, the works of Budge have not held up well in terms of recent hieroglyph scholarship since the 1930s. Even during Budge's own lifetime, many Egyptological scholars disputed Budge's interpretation of glyphs and texts.[19] Today, no modern Egyptological scholar relies upon the works of E. A. W. Budge as evidence of proper glyph rendering, by either his translation or transliteration (his transliteration system was unique to Budge alone as most Egyptologists then (and today) relied upon the transcription and transliteration system developed by the Berlin School which issued the master compendium of Egyptian hieroglyphic language in 1926, Wörterbuch der Aegyptischen Sprache (7 Vols.),[20] and which is detailed in the publication by A. H. Gardiner, Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs (1957)). As such, references to Budge's dictionary and within Budge's dictionary are considered highly suspect by most Egyptologists today, as they do not actually relate back to the terms as he defined them.




Shield
"Shield", ikm and another word with an approximate km cognate, 'khm starting with the vowel ( ' ), 'khm, meaning to put to an end are the possible words related to the origins of the crocodile skin, and the 'verb of action', of items coming to an end. The second word 'khm has nine entries in the Budge dictionary,[21] shield, ikam, has two entries.[22]

(NUBIAN)
The Nubians (Arabic: نوبي‎, Nuubi) are an ethnic group originally from Nubia northern Sudan, and southern Egypt now inhabiting North Africa and some parts of East Africa.
The Nubian people in Sudan inhabit the region between Wadi Halfa in the north and Aldaba in the south. The main Nubian groups from north to south are the Halfaweyen, Sikut, Mahas, and Danagla. They speak different dialects of the Nubian language.
In ancient times Nubians were depicted by Egyptians as having very dark skin, often shown with hooped earrings and with braided or extended hair.[1] Ancient Nubians were famous for their vast wealth, their trade between Central Africa and the lower Nile valley civilizations, including Egypt, their skill and precision with the bow, their 23-letter alphabet, the use of deadly poison on the heads of their arrows, their great military, their advanced civilization, and their century-long rule over the united upper and lower Egyptian kingdoms.[2]
Nubians are the people of southern Egypt and northern Sudan, settling along the banks of the Nile from Aswan. Their Nubian language is an Eastern Sudanic language, part of the Nilo-Saharan phylum.
The Old Nubian language is attested from the 8th century, and is thus the oldest recorded language of Africa outside of the Afro-Asiatic group. It was the language of the Noba nomads who occupied the Nile between the First and Third Cataracts and the Makorae nomads who occupied the land between the Third and Fourth Cataracts following the collapse of the Kingdom of Kush sometime in the 4th century CE. The Makorae were a separate tribe who eventually conquered or inherited the lands of the Noba: they established a Byzantine-influenced state called the Kingdom of Makuria which administered the Noba lands separately as the eparchy of Nobadia. Nobadia was converted to Miaphysitism by the Orthodox priest Julian and Bishop Longinus of Constantinople, and thereafter received its bishops from the Pope of Alexandria.
Present day
The influx of Arabs to Egypt and Sudan had contributed to the suppression of the Nubian identity following the collapse of the last Nubian kingdom in 1900. A major part of the modern Nubian population were arabized. The Jaa'leen-the majority of Northern Sudanese and some Donglawes in Sudan, Kenuz and Koreskos in Egypt all claimed to be Arabs. However the vast majority of the Nubians converted to Islam, and Arabic became their main language, in addition to their indigenous old Nubian language. The unique characteristics of Nubians are their culture (dress, dances, traditions and music) as well as their indigenous language which is a common feature of most Nubians.
Architecture
Main article: Nubian architecture
They invented the Nubian vault a type of curved surface forming a vaulted structure.


 Prominent Nubians

Nāga (Sanskrit: नाग, IAST: nāgá, IPA: [nəɡá], Burmese: နဂါး, Javanese: någå, Khmer: នាគ neak, Thai: นาค nak, Chinese: 那伽, Tibetan: ཀླུ་, Bengali: নাগ) is the Sanskrit and Pāli word for a deity or class of entity or being, taking the form of a very great snake—specifically the King Cobra, found in Hinduism and Buddhism. The use of the term nāga is often ambiguous, as the word may also refer, in similar contexts, to one of several human tribes known as or nicknamed "Nāgas"; to elephants; and to ordinary snakes, particularly the King Cobra and the Indian Cobra. A female nāga is a nāgī or nāginī.


In Sanskrit, a nāgá (नाग) is a cobra, a specific type of snake (hooded snake). A synonym for nāgá is phaṇin (फणिन्). There are several words for "snake" in general, and one of the very commonly used ones is sarpá (सर्प). Sometimes the word nāgá is also used generically to mean "snake".[1][2] The word is cognate with English 'snake', Germanic: *snēk-a-, Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o

In the great epic Mahabharata, the depiction of Nagas tends toward the negative, and they are portrayed as the deserving victims of the snake sacrifice and of predation by the eagle-king Garuda. The epic calls them "persecutors of all creatures", and tells us "the snakes were of virulent poison, great prowess and excess of strength, and ever bent on biting other creatures" (Book I: Adi Parva, Section 20). At the same time, nagas are important players in many of the events narrated in the epic, frequently no more evil nor deceitful than the other protagonists, and sometimes on the side of good.
The epic frequently characterizes Nagas as having a mixture of human and serpent-like traits. Sometimes it characterizes them as having human traits at one time, and as having serpent-like traits at another. For example, the story of how the Naga prince Sesha came to hold the world on his head begins with a scene in which he appears as a dedicated human ascetic, "with knotted hair, clad in rags, and his flesh, skin, and sinews dried up owing to the hard penances he was practising." Brahma is pleased with Shesha, and entrusts him with the duty of carrying the world. At that point in the story, Shesha begins to exhibit the attributes of a serpent. He enters into a hole in the Earth and slithers all the way to bottom, where he then loads the Earth onto his head. (Book I: Adi Parva, Section 36.)

Enmity with Garuda

The great nemesis of the Nagas in the Mahabharata is the gigantic eagle-king Garuda. Garuda and the Nagas began life as cousins. The sage Kasyapa had two wives (amongst his 13 wives, all prajapati Daksha's daughters), Kadru and Vinata, the former of whom desired many offspring, and the latter of whom desired few but powerful offspring. Each got her wish. Kadru laid 1000 eggs which hatched into snakes, and Vinata laid two, which hatched into the charioteer of Surya the sun god and Garuda. Through a foolish bet, Vinata became enslaved to her sister, and as a result Vinata's son Garuda was required to do the bidding of the snakes. Though compliant, he chafed and built up a grudge that he would never relinquish. When he asked the snakes what he would have to do in order to be released from his bondage, they told him he would have to bring them amrita, the elixir of immortality. Garuda stole the elixir from the gods and brought it to the serpents in fulfillment of their requirement, but through a ruse prevented them from partaking of it and achieving immortality. From that point onward, he regarded them as enemies and as food. (Book I: Adi Parva, Sections 16ff.)

Kadru

Kadru, the ancestral mother of snakes, made a bet with her sister Vinata, the stakes being that the loser would be enslaved to the winner. Eager to secure victory, Kadru requested the cooperation of her offspring in order to fix the bet so that Kadru would win. When her offspring balked at the request, Kadru grew angry and cursed them to die a fiery death in the snake-sacrifice of King Janamejaya, the son of Parikshit, who was the son of Abhimanyu the son of Arjuna. The king of the snakes Vasuki was aware of the curse, and knew that his brethren would need a hero to rescue them from it. He approached the renowned ascetic Jaratkaru with a proposal of marriage to a snake-goddess, Manasa, Vasuki's own sister. Out of the union of the ascetic and the snake-maiden was born "a son of the splendor of a celestial child." This son was named Astika, and he was to be the savior of the snakes.
In accordance with Kadru's curse, Janamejaya prepared a snake sacrifice of a type described in the scriptures, the Puranas. He erected a sacrificial platform and hired priests and other professionals needed for the rites. Following the proper form, the priests lit the sacrificial fire, duly fed it with clarified butter, uttered the required mantras, and began calling the names of snakes. The power of the rite was such that the named snakes were summoned to the fire and were consumed by it. As the sacrifice took on genocidal proportions, Astika came to the rescue. He approached Janamejaya and praised the sacrifice in such eloquent terms that the king offered to grant him a boon of his choosing. Astika promptly requested that the sacrifice be terminated. Though initially regretful of his offer, Janamejaya was true to his word, and the sacrifice came to an end. (Book I: Adi Parva, Sections 13-58.)

 

  • The serpent king Vasuki helped the gods to recover amrita, the elixir of immortality, from the Ocean of Milk by serving as the cord they wrapped around Mount Mandara in order to churn up the depths of the ocean. (Book I: Adi Parva, Section 18.)
  • The naga princess Ulupi had a son Iravat by the Pandava hero Arjuna. (Book I: Adi Parva, Section 216.) Though he had the support of many nagas, Iravat was eventually slain by the Rakshasa Alamvusha at the battle of Kurukshetra. (Book VI: Bhishma Parva, Section 91.)
  • Matali, the charioteer of the god Indra, sought a husband for his daughter Gunakesi. He approached the naga Aryaka and proposed the marriage of Gunakesi with the naga's handsome grandson Sumukha. Alas, Aryaka replied, Garuda had already declared his intent to devour the comely youth, having previously murdered his father. Matali, however, persuaded Indra and Vishnu to give Sumukha a draught of amrita, the elixir of immortality. Sumukha drank the potion, and thus was rendered impervious to any assault by the lord of the birds. The young couple were happily married. (Book V: Udyoga Parva, Section 103.)

Stories involving the nāgas are still very much a part of contemporary cultural traditions in predominantly Hindu regions of Asia (India, Nepal, and the island of Bali). In India, nāgas are considered nature spirits and the protectors of springs, wells and rivers. They bring rain, and thus fertility, but are also thought to bring disasters such as floods and drought.
Nagas are snakes that may take human form. They tend to be very curious. According to traditions nāgas are only malevolent to humans when they have been mistreated. They are susceptible to mankind's disrespectful actions in relation to the environment. They are also associated with waters—rivers, lakes, seas, and wells—and are generally regarded as guardians of treasure. According to Beer (1999),[page needed] Naga and cintamani are often depicted together and associated directly in the literature.
They are objects of great reverence in some parts of southern India where it is believed that they bring fertility and prosperity to their venerators. Expensive and grand rituals like Nagamandala[4] are conducted in their honor (see Nagaradhane). In India, certain communities called Nagavanshi consider themselves descendants of Nagas.
Varuna, the Vedic god of storms, is viewed as the King of the nāgas. Nāgas live in Pātāla, the seventh of the "nether" dimensions or realms.[5] They are children of Kashyapa and Kadru. Among the prominent nāgas of Hinduism are Manasa, Sesha, and Vasuki.
The nāgas also carry the elixir of life and immortality[citation needed]. Garuda once brought it to them and put a cup with elixir on the ground but it was taken away by Indra. However, few drops remained on the grass. The nāgas licked up the drops, but in doing so, cut their tongues on the grass, and since then their tongues have been forked.[6]
Vishnu is originally portrayed in the form sheltered by a Shesha naga or reclining on Shesha, but the iconography has been extended to other deities as well. The serpent is a common feature in Ganesha iconography and appears in many forms: around the neck,[7] use as a sacred thread (Sanskrit: yajñyopavīta)[8] wrapped around the stomach as a belt, held in a hand, coiled at the ankles, or as a throne.[9] Shiva is often shown garlanded with a snake
Traditions about nāgas are also very common in all the Buddhist countries of Asia. In many countries, the nāga concept has been merged with local traditions of great and wise serpents or dragons. In Tibet, the nāga was equated with the klu, wits that dwell in lakes or underground streams and guard treasure. In China, the nāga was equated with the lóng or Chinese dragon.
The Buddhist nāga generally has the form of a great cobra-like snake, usually with a single head but sometimes with many. At least some of the nāgas are capable of using magic powers to transform themselves into a human semblance. In Buddhist painting, the nāga is sometimes portrayed as a human being with a snake or dragon extending over his head. One nāga, in human form, attempted to become a monk; when telling it that such ordination was impossible, the Buddha told it how to ensure that it would be reborn a man, able to become a monk [11].
In the 'Devadatta' chapter of the Lotus Sutra, an eight year old female Naga, after listening to Manjushri preach the Lotus Sutra, transforms her body into that of a male human and immediately reaches full enlightenment.[12] This narrative reinforces the ironic viewpoint prevalent in Mahayana scriptures that a male human body is required for Buddhahood, even if a being is so advanced in her realization that she can magically transform her body at will and demonstrate the emptiness of the physical form itself.
Nāgas are believed to both live on Mount Sumeru, among the other minor deities, and in various parts of the human-inhabited earth. Some of them are water-dwellers, living in streams or the mer; others are earth-dwellers, living in underground caverns.
The nāgas are the servants of Virūpākṣa (Pāli: Virūpakkha), one of the Four Heavenly Kings who guards the western direction. They act as a guard upon Mount Sumeru, protecting the devas of Trāyastriṃśa from attack by the Asuras.
Among the notable nāgas of Buddhist tradition is Mucalinda, protector of the Buddha. In the Vinaya Sutra (I, 3) the Buddha shortly after his enlightenment is meditating in a forest when a great storm arises, but graciously Naga King Mucalinda gives shelter to the Buddha from the storm by covering the Buddha's head with his 7 snake heads.[13] Then the king takes the form of a young Brahmin and renders the Buddha homage.[14]
It is noteworthy that the 2 chief disciples of the Buddha, Sariputra and Maudgalyayana are referred to as Mahanaga.[15]
In the Vajrayana and Mahasiddha traditions according to Beer (1999),[page needed] many notable fully enlightened nagas also transmitted and/or transported terma into and out of the human realm that had been elementally encoded by adepts.
Norbu (1999: p.?) states that according to tradition the Prajnaparamita terma teachings are held to have been conferred upon Nagarjuna by Nagaraja, the King of the nagas, who had been guarding them at the bottom of a lake. Refer Lotus Sutra.
Naga at the steps of a building in the Wat Phra Kaew in Bangkok
For Malay sailors, nāgas are a type of dragon with many heads; in Thailand and Java, the nāga is a wealthy underworld deity. In Laos they are beaked water serpents. Phaya Naga, Water Dragon, is a well-known dragon in Thailand. People in Thailand see it as a holy creature and worship it in the temple. It allegedly lives in Mekong river.

Lake Chinni

In Malay and Orang Asli traditions, the lake Chinni, located in Pahang is home to a naga called Sri Gumum. Depending on legend versions, her predecessor Sri Pahang or her son left the lake and later fought a naga called Sri Kemboja. Kemboja is the former name of what is Cambodia. Like the naga legends there, there are stories about an ancient empire in lake Chinni, although the stories are not linked to the naga legends.[16][17]

In a Cambodian legend, the nāga were a reptilian race of beings who possessed a large empire or kingdom in the Pacific Ocean region. See Kaliya. The Nāga King's daughter married an Indian Brahmana named Kaundinya, and from their union sprang the Cambodian people. Therefore still Cambodians say that they are "Born from the Nāga". Cambodia or Kambhuja is also said to have been derived from the word Kambhoj. Kambhoj are the Indo-Aryan people from the Northwest of India & Iran. They are mentioned in the ancient Sanskrit texts and epigraphy. The Naga (clan) is also said to have its origins in Kashmir (North India), indicating a link due to close geographical proximity of both peoples.
The Seven-Headed Nāga serpents depicted as statues on Cambodian temples, such as Angkor Wat, apparently represent the seven races within Nāga society, which has a mythological, or symbolic, association with "the seven colors of the rainbow". Furthermore, Cambodian Nāga possess numerological symbolism in the number of their heads. Odd-headed Nāga symbolise the Male Energy, Infinity, Timelessness, and Immortality. This is because, numerologically, all odd numbers come from One (1). Even-headed Nāga are said to be "Female, representing Physicality, Mortality, Temporality, and the Earth."
The legend of the Nāga is a strong and sacred belief held by Thai and Lao people living along the Mekong River. Many pay their respects to the river because they believe the Nāga still rule in it, and locals hold an annual sacrifice for the Nāga. Each ceremony depends on how each village earns its living from the Mekong River — for instance, through fishing or transport. Local residents believe that the Nāga can protect them from danger, so they are likely to make a sacrifice to Nāga before taking a boat trip along the Mekong River.
Also, every year on the night of 15th day of 11th month in the Lao lunar calendar at the end of Vassa, an unusual phenomenon occurs in the area of the Mekong River stretching over 20 kilometres between Pak-Ngeum and Phonephisai districts in Nong Khai province, Thailand. Fireballs appear to rise from the river into the nighttime sky. Local villagers believe that Nāga under Mekong River shoot the fireballs into the air to celebrate the end of Vassa, because Nāga meditate during this time.[19]
In 2000, Richard Freeman from the Centre for Fortean Zoology visited the area and talked with witnesses who claimed to have seen gigantic snakes far larger than any python. The general description was of a 60 foot serpent with black scales that had a greenish sheen. Freeman speculated that the nāga legend was based on a real animal, possibly a giant madtsoiid snake.[20]
A popular photograph on display in bars, restaurants, guesthouses, and markets around Thailand captioned, Queen of Nagas seized by American Army at Mekhong River, Laos Military Base on June 27, 1973 with the length of 7.80 meters is a hoax. The photograph is actually that taken by USN LT DeeDee Van Wormer, of an oarfish found in late 1996 by US Navy SEAL trainees on the coast of Coronado, California.[21][22]

Philippines

In many parts of pre-Hispanic Philippines, the naga is used as an ornament in the hilt ends of longswords locally known as Kampilans

  • Patala (or Nagaloka), the seventh of the "nether" dimensions or realms, Bhoga-vatī being its capital.[25]
  • Lake Manosarowar, lake of the Great Nāgas.
  • Mount Sumeru
  • Naggar, village in the Himalayas, Tibet, that derives its name from Naga (Cobra).
  • Nagpur, Indian city derived from Nāgapuram, literally "city of nāgas".
  • Pacific Ocean (Cambodian myth)
  • Sheshna's well in Benares, India, said to be an entrance to Patala.
  • Nagadaa, where naag-yaGYa was performed.
  • Mekong river
  • Anantnag, Indian city (Kashmir) named after one of 12 prominent divine naga king mentioned in Bhavishyapuran.
  • Takshila, an ancient place in Pakistan named after one of 12 prominent divine naga king in Bhavishyapuran.
Several Bollywood films have been made on the theme of Nagin (female nāga), including Nagin (1954), Nagin (1976), Nagina (1986), Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani (2002), Hisss (2010), and the television series Naaginn (2007-2009).
In the Monster Rancher franchise, a Naga is among the many monster species. In the Monster Rancher anime, a Naga is one of Master Moo's Big Bad Four.
The Nāgas appear as recurring antagonists in The Secret Saturdays. They are led by a four-armed Nāga named Rani Nagi (voiced by Susan Blakeslee). The Nāgas are shown to come in different shapes which includes a cobra-type Nāga, a Nāga with two heads and four arms, and a Nāga with two snake tails in place of arms. The Nāgas are shown to consider Kur their master.
The Nāga appear in Warcraft III and the World of Warcraft series as sea-dwelling creatures that are formerly elves transformed by the powers of the Well of Eternity into hideous appearances males looking monster-like while females took serpentine forms much like the Hindu Nāga.
A Nāga played a prominent role in the second season of Lost Girl, where one of the last Nāga assumed the role of the Ash- the leader of the Light Fae, a group of beings who live among humans in secret-, later sacrificing his life so that his venom could be used to kill a powerful and dangerous being.
The Naga dregs can also be found in the cartoon Conan the Adventurer.
The Nāgas also appear as an enemy in the Thailand section of the 2008 video game, Tomb Raider: Underworld.
Nagini is the snake companion of Lord Voldemort in the Harry Potter Series written by J.K. Rowling.

Negro
The word “Negro” is used in the English-speaking world to refer to a person of black ancestry or appearance, whether of African descent or not. The word negro denotes 'black' in the Spanish and Portuguese speaking vocabulary, or from the ancient Latin, niger, 'black', probably from a Proto-Indo-European root *nekw-, 'to be dark', akin to *nokw- 'night'.
"Negro" superseded "colored" as the most polite terminology, at a time when "black" was more offensive.[3] This usage was accepted as normal, even by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as 'Negro' in his famous 1963 speech I Have a Dream.
During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word, preferring Black,[4] because they associated the word Negro with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second class citizens, or worse.
Since the late 1960s, various other terms have been more widespread in popular usage. These include "black", "Black African", "Afro-American" (in use from the late 1960s to 1990) and "African American" (used in the United States to refer to black Americans, peoples often referred to in the past as American Negroes).[5]
The term "Negro" is still used in some historical contexts, such as in the name of the United Negro College Fund[6][7] and the Negro league in sports.
The United States Census Bureau announced that "Negro" would be included on the 2010 United States Census, alongside "Black" and "African-American" because some older Black Americans still self-identify with the term.[
Around 1442 the Portuguese first arrived in sub-Saharan Africa while trying to find a sea route to India. The term negro, literally meaning "black", was used by the Spanish and Portuguese as a simple description to refer to people. From the 18th century to the late 1960s, "negro" (later capitalized) was considered to be the proper English-language term for certain people of sub-Saharan African origin.
The word "Negro" fell out of favor by the early 1970s in the United States after the Civil Rights movement. However, older African Americans from the earlier period of American life (when "Negro" was widely considered to be acceptable) initially found the term "Black" more offensive than "Negro." Evidence for the acceptability of "Negro" is in the continued use the word by historical African-American organizations and institutions such as the United Negro College Fund. In current English language usage, "Negro" is generally considered to be acceptable in a historical context, such as baseball's Negro Leagues of the early and mid-20th century, or in the name of older organizations, as in Negro spirituals, the United Negro College Fund or the Journal of Negro Education. The U.S. Census now uses the grouping "Black, African-American or Negro." The term "Negro" is used in efforts to include older African Americans who more closely associate with the term.
A specifically female form of the word—Negress (sometimes capitalized) —was sometimes used; but, like "Jewess", it has all but completely fallen from use. (An exception is its unusual use in the titles of paintings, drawings and sculptures, largely as an allusion to the formerly common occurrence of the word in such titles, but such usage has dropped off dramatically.) Both terms are considered to be racist and sexist although, as with other racial, ethnic, and sexual words that are seen as pejorative, some people have tried to reclaim the words, for example, the artist Kara Walker.
The related word Negroid was used by 19th and 20th century racial anthropologists. The suffix -oid means "similar to". "Negroid" as a noun was used to designate a wider or more generalized category than "Negro"; as an adjective it qualified a noun as in, for example, "negroid features".
In other languages
In Portuguese, negro is an adjective for the color black, although preto is the most common antonym of branco (white). In Brazil and Portugal, negro is the most respectful way to address people of Black African descent, with preto sometimes being considered politically incorrect or a racial slur.
In Spain, Mexico and almost all of Latin-America, negro (note that ethnonyms, names of nationalities, etc. are generally not capitalized in Romance languages) means "black person" in colloquial situations, but it can be considered to be derogatory in other situations (as in English, "black" is often used to mean irregular or undesirable, as in "black market/mercado negro"). However, in Spanish-speaking countries such as Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay where there are few people of African origin and appearance, negro (negra for females) is commonly used to refer to partners, close friends[13] or people in general independent of skin color. In Venezuela the word negro is similarly used, despite its large African descent population.
It is similar to the use of the word "nigga" in urban communities in the United States. For example, one might say to a friend, "Negro ¿Como andas? (literally "Hey, black one, how are you doing?"). In this case, the diminutive negrito is used, as a term of endearment meaning "pal", "buddy" or "friend". Negrito has come to be used to refer to a person of any ethnicity or color, and also can have a sentimental or romantic connotation similar to "sweetheart," or "dear" in English (in the Philippines, negrito was used for a local dark-skinned short person, living in the Negros islands among other places).
In other Spanish-speaking South American countries, the word negro can also be employed in a roughly equivalent form, though it is not usually considered to be as widespread as in Argentina or Uruguay (except perhaps in a limited regional and/or social context). In Brazil, it heavily depends on the region. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, where the main racial slur against black people is crioulo (literally creole i.e. American-born African), preto/preta and pretinho/pretinha can along extremely informal situations be used the same ways as negro/negra and negrito/negrita in Spanish-speaking South American, but it heavily changes in the nearby state of São Paulo, where crioulo is considered an archaism and preto is the most used racial slur against black people, thus all kind of use of the preto word can be deemed as offensive.
Moreno can be used as an euphemism both in Spanish and Portuguese but it also means just "tanned" or "dark-haired". People from all ethnic origins and races can be addressed by such word, but the widespread use of the word as a roughly equivalent of the English "swarthy" in Brazil made it a very colloquial term for Pardo and all other non-White people. Generally, nevertheless nowadays it is considered politically incorrect to address an Afro-Brazilian by the term moreno, as if it was a subtle attempt of erasing their blackness by calling them "swarthy one" (the historical stigma of being Black or partially Black in Brazil made many people being "racially promoted" from Black to Pardo and from Pardo to White, and this can be seen as a perpetuation of this process). Still, this use for westernized Amerindians, mixed-race people of Amerindian and European descent, multiracial afrodescendants and Asian people with dark complexions is entirely not offensive. Similar trends in the Hispanic world are not so well-noticed.
In Haitian Creole, the word nèg, derived from the French "nègre", refers to a dark-skinned man; it can also be used for any man, regardless of skin color, roughly like "guy" or "dude" in American English.
The Dutch word, "neger" is generally (but not universally) considered to be a neutral one, or at least less negative than "zwarte" (black one).
In German, Neger was considered to be a neutral term for black people, but gradually fell out of fashion since the 1970s. Neger is now mostly thought to be derogatory or racist. The terms Schwarzer (black person), Farbiger (colored person) or Afrikaner/Afro-Amerikaner (African/Afro-American) are commonly used, and the obsolete Mohr (from Latin morus, black) survives in advertising. There is also a kind of sweet traditionally referred to as "Negerkuss" (literally "negro kiss").
In Hungarian, néger (possibly originates in its German equivalent) is still considered to be the most neutral term (together with afro-amerikai which is rarely used), while other words such as fekete (black person) or színesbőrű (colored person) are somewhat offensive. However, the term nigger is widely considered to be extremely pejorative.[15]
In Russia, the term "негр" (negr) was commonly used in the Soviet period without any negative connotation, and its use continues in this neutral sense. In modern Russian media, the word is used somewhat less frequently - "африканцы" ("Africans") or "афро-американцы" ("Afro-Americans") are used instead, depending on the situation), but is still common in oral speech. The word "black" (чёрный) as a noun used as a form of address is pejorative, although it is primarily used with respect to peoples of the Caucasus, natives of Central Asia, and not black people. The word "black" (чёрный) as an adjective is also used in a neutral sense and means the same as "негр" (negr), e.g. "чёрные американцы" (black Americans), "чёрное население" (the black population), etc. Other alternatives to "негр" are темнокожий (temnokozhiy - "dark-skinned"), чернокожий (chernokozhiy - "black-skinned"). These two are used as both nouns and adjectives.
In the Italian language, negro was used as a neutral term until the end of the 1960s. Nowadays the word is considered offensive in some contexts; if used with a clear offensive intention it may be punished by law. Joking, non-offensive words are: moretto, moretta. Neutral words to define a black or dark-skinned person are nero (literally "black") or di colore (coloured - or literally 'of colour').
In Swedish, neger used to be considered a neutral term for black people, but the term has gradually fallen out of favour through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. Today the neutral term to define a black person is svart ("black"). There is a Swedish pastry traditionally called negerboll (literally "negro ball"). Due to its possible offensive character, the name has fallen out of favor in for example new cooking books, being replaced by "Chokladboll" (Chocolate Ball), though it is still used colloquially.
In Denmark, "Neger" is still considered a neutral word that most of the population use when describing a person of African descent.
In the Finnish language the word neekeri (negro) was considered a neutral term for black people. Very few — if literally any — black people lived in Finland before the 1980s. In 2002 neekeri's definition was changed from perceived as derogatory by some to generally derogatory in line with ryssä (Ruskie) and hurri (Swedish-speaking Finn) in Kielitoimiston sanakirja. Also, there was a popular Finnish pastry called Neekerinsuukko (lit. "negro's kiss"). The manufacturer changed the name to Brunbergin suukko ("Brunberg's kiss") in 2001. Today, neutral terms to define a black person include musta ("black"), tumma (lit. "dark-shaded"), tummaihoinen ("dark-skinned") and mustaihoinen ("black-skinned"). A study conducted among native Finns found that 90 % of research subjects considered the terms ”neekeri”, ”ryssä” ja ”manne” (term referring to Finnish Roma) most derogatory names for ethnic minorities.
In the French language, the positive concept of negritude was developed by the Senegalese politician Léopold Sédar Senghor.
The word for a black man in the Irish language is fear gorm, which literally means "blue man". This is because the phrase "fear dubh"
literally "black man" was already in use meaning the devil before black people were known in Ireland.
Negus- Negus (Ge'ez Negus Ge'ez.png, nigūś, Amharic nigūs; cf. Tigrinya Negus Tigrinya.pngnegāš) is a title in the Afro-Asiatic Ge'ez, Tigrinya, Tigre and Amharic languages.[1] It denotes a King, and at times also a vassal ruler in pre-1974 Ethiopia and pre-1890 Eritrea. The title has subsequently been used to translate the word "King" in Biblical and other literature.
The word negus is a noun derived from the ancient Semitic verbal root N - G - Ś meaning "to reign."
In more recent times it was used as a honorific negus for life title bestowed on governors of the most important provinces (kingdoms): Gojjam, Welega and the seaward kingdom (where the variation Bahr Negus 'King of the Sea', was the ancient title of the ruler of present-day central Eritrea) and later Shewa.
Both uses and the imperial dignity would meet in the person of a regional prince, Lij Kassa Hailu, third youngest son of Dejazmach Hailu Wolde-Giyorgis, Governor of Qwara province, by his second wife Woizero Attitaggab, who rebelled against Empress Menen and her son Ras Ali II the Viceroy, in 1845 and spent the next nine years alternating between rebellion and submission until he was proclaimed as Negus at Amba Chera, (19 September 1854), and after the Battle of Derasge proclaimed himself Emperor 8 February 1855 and was crowned as Tewodros II, at Derasge Maryam the next day.

YOU CAN SEE FOR YOURSELF THAT NIGGER, NIGGA, & NEGRO HAS NO MEANING AND NO VALUE. WE WANT TO ACCEPT THE NEGRO TERM BECAUSE THE SPAINARDS CALL AFRICANS A NEGRO WHICH IS SUPPOSE TO MEAN BLACK IN SPANISH HOWEVER IF YOU STUDY HISTORY AND STUDY THOROUGHLY YOU WILL FIND OUT THAT AFRICANS NEVER ADDRESS ONE ANOTHER BY ANY OF THESE NEGATIVE NAMES; SPAINARDS THE GOOD ONES IF WE CAN FIND THEM APPROACH AFRICANS OR ANYONE WHO HAS COLOR OR DARK SKIN AS  MORENO OR MORENA. WHY SHOULD WE ACCEPT SOMETHING FROM  NEGATIVE PEOPLE WHO HELP ENSLAVE AFRICANS  HAVE THEM TRANSPORTED AND THEN SOLD TO THE  EUROPEANS FOR CONTROL AND MONEY; AND WE ARE SUPPOSE TO ACCEPT THEM CALLING US NEGRO. I WANT TO ASK EVERY BLACK PERSON AND ANYONE WHO IS CLASSIFIED AS A MINORITY DO WHITE PEOPLE WALK AROUND CALLING EACH OTHER HONKY’S, WHAT ABOUT CRACKERS, REDNECKS, PECKLEWOOD, OR HOOK-NOSES DO LATINOS WALK AROUND CALLING EACH OTHER SPICKS OR MUTS, DO ASIANS WALK AROUND CALLING EACH OTHER TIGHT EYES OR CHINKS,  DO ITALIANS CALL EACH OTHER DAGOS! THE ANSWER IS NO! AND YOU KNOW WHY BECAUSE THEY NO THAT IT HAS NO MEANING AND THAT IT’S FOOLISH  AND THAT IT WILL GET THEM NO WHERE BUT SETBACKS AND MISFORTUNES.  WE ARE THE ONLY FOOLS WALKING AROUND GREETING EACH OTHER AND COMMUNICATING WITH THIS STUPIDITY AND THEN WE WANT TO BLAME WHITE PEOPLE FOR OUR MISFORTUNES; WITHIN THE LAST 20- 25YRS I WANT BLAME WHITE PEOPLE FOR NOTHING AND YOU KNOW WHY! YOU HAVE THE INTERNET, LIBRARY, AND BOOKSTORES. FROM THE SEXUAL
REVOLUTION TO  1990 BLACKS SPENT OVER 1BILLION DOLLARS IN OTHER COMMUNTIES; FROM 1990 TO PRESENT WE HAVE SPENT OVER 1TRILLION DOLLARS IN OTHER COMMUNITIES AND YOU WANT TO BLAME WHITE PEOPLE; GET OFF OF YOUR ASS! AND STOP BULLSHITING WITH EACH OTHER AND NETWORK, COMMUNICATE TRY TO MAKE SOMETHING HAPPEN! IF IT SEEMS AS IF NOTHING IS GOING TO HAPPEN KEEP! HITTING THAT BRICK WALL EVENTUALLY IT WILL BREAK. YES! WE HAVE MADE PROGRESS BUT THERE IS STILL NO EQUALITY. WE HAVE ARRIVE TO THE POINT WHERE EVEN ARE INTELLECTUALS AND SCHOLARS OUR NOW TRYING TO ACCEPT AND INCLUDE THIS IGNORANT LANGUAGE. NO WHITE PEOPLE OR ANYONE ELSE IS MAKING YOU RAPE YOUR WOMEN, KILL ONE ANOTHER, BEAT AND NEGELECT YOUR CHILDREN,  AND DOWN TALK YOUR BROTHER AND SISTER JUST TO PUT YOURSELF ON A PEDDLESTLE! WOMEN TEACH YOUR DAUGHTERS, TO PRESENT THEMSELVES WITH RESPECT SO MEN WILL NOT JUST LOOK AT THEM AS A BEING A SEX OBJECT. MEN TEACH YOUR SONS TO BE STRONG MEN SO THEY CAN BE RESPONSIBLE  AND NOT HAVE THIS THUGGISH APPEARANCE AND TALK. PEOPLE WE ARE ADULTS QUIT BLAMING OR TRYING TO FIND OTHERS AS A SCAPEGOAT FOR YOUR SHORTCOMINGS!!!! IT’S A CHOICE THANKS FOR READING
GOD BLESS!                    

Below are links and references

Youtube N word links
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CfcYbvhgK64  (Hakim Green & Baba  Ogun DEFENDS N WORD)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzqEaiGR7Xo4 (Parts 1-6 click the links to right for each part)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsxMhfQJXtI   (Part 1-2 click the link to the right for part 2)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHaoZQx-VnE  (Michael Dyson defends the n word)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBe68F3nJmQ (What is a nigga  Minister A. Muhammad Pt. 1-3)
                                                                                                                  click the links to right for each part




References (Bitch)
  1. Grynbaum, Michael M. (August 7, 2007). "It’s a Female Dog, or Worse. Or Endearing. And Illegal?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/07/nyregion/07bword.html. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
  2. ^"bitch". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bitch. Retrieved 2007-01-09.
  3. ^ ab Hughes, Geoffrey. Encyclopedia of Swearing : The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2006.
  4. ^ Grose, Francis. 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. Hosted at Project Gutenberg. Retrieved on January 9, 2007.
  5. ^ abhttp://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=850
  6. ^ The Bitch in the House, ed. Cathi Hanaeur
  7. ^ http://blog.pinknews.co.uk/2009/07/elton-john-and-boy-george-end-feud.html
  8. ^ Carlson, Margaret (1/16/95). "Muzzle the B word". Time 145 (2): p 36 (2/3 p). ISSN 0040781X. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982345,00.html. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost AN 9501107624 (accessed October 1, 2009).
  9. ^ http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100020
  10. ^ Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Jacqueline Dunn (N.D.). "The ‘B’ Word in Traditional News and on the Web". Nieman Harvard. http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=100020. Retrieved 2009-09-27.
  11. ^ abPop Goes the Feminist, Deborah Solomon interviews Andi Zeisler, New York Times, August 6, 2006.
  12. ^ Third Wave Feminism, by Tamara Straus, MetroActive, December 6, 2000.
  13. ^ You've Really Got Some Minerva, Veronica Mars, 2006-11-21.
  14. ^ http://bitchmagazine.org/
  15. ^ http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/bitch/
  16. ^ http://www.jofreeman.com/joreen/bitch.htm
  17. ^ http://www.abbreviations.com/b1.aspx?KEY=385003
  18. ^ http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Beautiful+Intelligent+Talented+Creative+Honest
  19. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHY4etCEeH0
  20. ^http://www.counterpunch.org/steve08012003.html
  21. ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-07-29/microsofts-prison-yard-conquest/
  22. ^ http://www.it.usyd.edu.au/~matty/Shakespeare/texts/tragedies/kinglear.html
  23. ^ http://www.esquire.com/features/son-of-a-bitch/sob-0708
  24. ^ http://gaynewswatch.com/Page.cfm?PageID=3&SID=6187
  25. ^ http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=riding+bitch
  26. ^ http://www.worldfreepoker.com/poker-glossary.html#B
  27. ^ "Bitch Definition, www.dictionary.com". http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bitch. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
  28. ^ http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2009/01/northrop-unveil/
  29. ^ http://www.webring.com/t/The-Feminist-Bitch-Webring
  30. ^ http://thinkexist.com/quotation/i-m_tough-ambitious-and_i_know_exactly_what_i/9153.html
  31. ^ http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2009/06/16/sandra_bullock_i_m_a_bitch_in_real_life_
Further reading
References  (NUBIAN)

REFERENCES (NE-GUS)
Paulos Milkias, Haile Selassie, western education, and political revolution in Ethiopia, (Cambria Press: 2006), p.2
"RoyalArk – Ethiopia". 4DW. Archived from the original on 2008-05-28.

Naga  (Not just African but many other ethnic groups)
See also

References
1.    ^ For the specific terminology for cobra see p. 432, Vaman Shivram Apte, The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary (Motilal Banarsidass: 2002 reprint edition) ISBN 81-208-0299-3.
2.    ^ Vaman Shivram Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. p. 539. The first definition of nāgaḥ given reads "A snake in general, particularly the cobra."
3.    ^ Proto-IE: *(s)nēg-o-, Meaning: snake, Old Indian: nāgá- m. 'snake', Germanic: *snēk-a- m., *snak-an- m., *snak-ō f.; *snak-a- vb. http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?single=1&basename=/data/ie/piet&text_number=2649&root=config
5.    ^ Patala
7.    ^ For the story of wrapping Vāsuki around the neck and Śeṣa around the belly and for the name in his sahasranama as Sarpagraiveyakāṅgādaḥ ("Who has a serpent around his neck"), which refers to this standard iconographic element, see: Krishan, Yuvraj (1999), Gaņeśa: Unravelling An Enigma, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, ISBN 81-208-1413-4 pp=51-52.
8.    ^ For text of a stone inscription dated 1470 identifying Ganesha's sacred thread as the serpent Śeṣa, see: Martin-Dubost, p. 202.
9.    ^ For an overview of snake images in Ganesha iconography, see: Martin-Dubost, Paul (1997). Gaņeśa: The Enchanter of the Three Worlds. Mumbai: Project for Indian Cultural Studies. ISBN 81-900184-3-4. , p. 202.
10.                       ^ Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43878-0. ; p. 151
11.                       ^ Brahmavamso, Ajahn. [www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut020.htm "VINAYA The Ordination Ceremony of a Monk"]. www.budsas.org/ebud/ebsut020.htm.
12.                       ^ Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism, 'Devadatta Chapter'
13.                       ^ P. 72 How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings By Richard Francis Gombrich
14.                       ^ P. 72 How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings By Richard Francis Gombrich
15.                       ^ P. 74 How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings By Richard Francis Gombrich
16.                       ^ http://www.nici.ru.nl/~peterh/srigumum/doc/stories.html
17.                       ^ http://www.journeymalaysia.com/ML_chini.htm
18.                       ^ Ngaosīvat, Mayurī; Pheuiphanh Ngaosyvathn (1998). "III.13 In the Machine Room of a Grand Design". Paths to conflagration : fifty years of diplomacy and warfare in Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam, 1778-1828. Studies on Southeast Asia, no. 24. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University. p. 68. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/00877277230|00877277230]]. OCLC 38909607. http://www.muanglao.1colony.com/custom2.html. Retrieved November 16, 2011. Lay summary (Jan-March, 2001). "The first stanza of the San lup bo sun depicted the situation allegorically"
19.                       ^ Bang Fai Phaya Nark (Naga fireballs)
20.                       ^ "In the coils of the Naga," ForteanTimes, January 2003
21.                       ^ Ranges, Trevor (2002 – 2006). "A Big Fish Tale". thailandroad.com. pp. 2. http://www.thailandroad.com/trevor/naga.html. "We were on our morning physical fitness run when we came across this huge fish lying on the sand."
22.                       ^ "SEALs and a serpent of the sea" (PDF). ALL HANDS. Naval Media Center. April 1997. pp. 20–21. http://www.navy.mil/media/allhands/acrobat/ah199704.pdf. "The silvery serpent of the sea – an oarfish – was discovered last year by Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) Instructor Signalman 2nd Class (SEAL) Kevin Blake."
23.                       ^ Bhāgavata Purāṇa 3.26.25
24.                       ^ Bhāgavata Purāṇa 10.1.24
25.                       ^ Bhāgavata Purāṇa 1.11.11
Further reading
 External links


REFERENCES  (NEGRO/NIGGER/NIGGA)
See also

1.     ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2000. p. 2039. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
2.     ^ Mann, Stuart E. (1984). An Indo-European Comparative Dictionary. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. p. 858. ISBN 3-87118-550-7.
4.     ^ Smith, Tom W. (1992) "Changing racial labels: from 'Colored' to 'Negro' to 'Black' to 'African American'." Public Opinion Quarterly 56(4):496-514
5.     ^ Christopher H. Foreman, The African-American predicament, Brookings Institution Press, 1999, p.99.
6.     ^ UNCF New Brand
10.                        ^ "Census Bureau defends 'negro' addition". UPI. 2010-01-06. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/01/06/Census-Bureau-defends-negro-addition/UPI-70241262798663/. Retrieved 7 January 2010.
12.                        ^ www.pbs.org: Queen Charlotte of Britain
13.                        ^ negro in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
14.                        ^ moreno in the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
15.                        ^ See the relevant Hungarian Wikipedia article
16.                        ^ a b c Rastas, Anna (2007) (in fi) (PDF). Neutraalisti rasistinen? Erään sanan politiikkaa. Tampere: Tampere University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-951-44-6946-6. http://acta.uta.fi/pdf/Rastas_A6.pdf. Retrieved February 2009.
17.                        ^ Raittila, Pentti (2002) (in fi) (PDF). Etnisyys ja rasismi journalismissa. Tampere: Tampere University Press,. pp. 25–26. ISBN 951-44-5486-3. http://tampub.uta.fi/tup/951-44-5486-3.pdf. Retrieved May 2010.
18.                        ^ Dictionary of Irish Terms (fear gorm). Irish National Terminology Database. Retrieved: 2010-12-28.
19.                        ^ Dictionary of Irish Terms (gorm). Irish National Terminology Database. Retrieved: 2010-12-28.
Further reading
  • P. A. Bruce, The Plantation Negro as a Freeman, (New York, 1889)
  • Edward Ingle, The Negro in the District of Columbia, (Baltimore, 1893)
  • W. E. B. Du Bois, The Negroes of the Black Belt, (Washington, 1899)
  • B. T. Washington, The Future of the American Negro, (Boston, 1899)
  • Claude Bernard-Aubert, My Baby Is Black!, (Hollywood, 1965)
  • Montgomery Conference Proceedings, (Montgomery, 1900)
  • J. A. Tillinghast, The Negro in Africa and America, (New York, 1902)
  • T. N. Page, The Negro: The Southerner's Problem, (New York, 1904)
  • Library of Congress, List of Discussions of Negro Suffrage, (Washington, 1906)
  • W. E. Fleming, Slavery and the Race Problem in the South, (Boston, 1907)
  • Jackson and Davis, Industrial History of the Negro Race in America, (Richmond, 1908)
  • A. H. Stone, Studies in the American Race Problem, (New York, 1908)
  • W. P. Pickett, The Negro Problem, ISBN 0-8371-2200-7 (New York, 1909)
  • E. G. Murphy, The Basis of Ascendency, (New York, 1909)
  • Stevenson, Race Distinctions in American Law, (New York, 1910)
  • A. B. Hart, The Southern South, (New York, 1910)
  • W. P. Livingstone, The Race Conflict, (London, 1911)
  • B. G. Brawley, A Short History of the American Negro, (New York, 1913)
  • The Negro Year Book, (Nashville, et. seq.)
  • "Negroes in the United States," in Bulletin of the United States Census Bureau, (Washington, 1915)
  • A. D. Mayo, Third Estate of the South, (Boston, 1890)
  • J. L. M. Curry, Education of the Negro since 1860, (Baltimore, 1894)
  • J. L. M. Curry, A Brief Sketch of George Peabody and a History of the Peabody Education Fund through Thirty Years, (Cambridge, 1898)
  • W. H. Thomas, The American Negro, (New York, 1901)
  • Sadler, "The Education of the Colored Race", in Special Reports of Great Britain Education Board, volume xi, (London, 1902)
  • Kate Brousseau, L'Education des nègres aux Etats-Unis, (Paris, 1904)
  • B. T. Washington, Education of the Negro, (new edition, New York, 1904)
  • W. E. B. Du Bois, "A Select Bibliography of the American Negro for General Readers," in Atlantic University Publications, (Atlanta, 1901)
  • C. B. Davenport Heredity of Skin-Color in Negro-White Crosses, Carnegie Institution Publication Number 188 (1913)
  • C. H. Vail Socialism and the Negro Problem (1903)